نشریه جغرافیا و مخاطرات محیطی
پیاپی 42 (تابستان 1401)

Identifying the factors affecting landslides occurrence in an area and zoning its hazard is one of the basic measures to achieve solutions to control this phenomenon and reduce its environmental hazards. The aim of this study was to determine the areas sensitive to the possibility of landslides occurrence in the Kolur region (Khalkhal County). In this regard, 9 factors affecting the landslides occurrence in the region including lithology, elevation, slope, slope direction, land use, faults, road construction, drainage network and precipitation were identified and used. Then, to determine the vulnerable areas, the hybrid models of conditional probabilities (Bayes' theorem) and network analysis process (ANP) were used. As for landslides occurrence, the results showed that about 28.69% and 25.40% of the study area had a very high risk, about 21.57% of the study area had a moderate risk, and finally about 14.21 and 13.10% of the study area had a low and a very low risk, respectively. Therefore, 65% of the Kolur region had a high and a very high risk of landslides. The main reason was due to the high slope and the presence of marl calcareous formations.  According to the obtained results and the relationship between the area of hazardous zones and the percentage of landslide with R2 more than 0.93, the accuracy of landslide hazard zoning map in the study area was confirmed at a good level. Therefore, the results of the combined Bayes' theorem-ANP model were suitable for landslide risk zoning in this type of areas, and the resulting map can be used as a valuable tool in environmental planning and reducing landslide occurrence costs.

Floods occur in arid and semi-arid regions due to heavy rains and lack of vegetation which cause great loss of life and property throughout the world. Therefore, determining flood-prone areas and high-risk areas can be of great help in flood management and control. This study was conducted to determine flood-prone areas using multi-criteria decision making methods in Bagheran area of ​​Birjand City, South Khorasan Province. First, 10 effective parameters in floods were selected based on the opinions of experts and their relative importance was obtained using AHP and BWM methods. The results showed that the parameters of topographic moisture index and distance from waterway had the lowest score in both AHP and BWM methods, so that the rain parameter with relative importance of 0.265 and 0.137 had the highest score in AHP and BWM methods and had the highest impact. The zoning results were divided into five classes: very low, low, medium, high and very high. In both methods, high class had the highest area and very low class had the lowest area. The high class in the BWM method covers about 48% of the area, which can cause irreparable damage to residential areas downstream of Birjand.

The aim of this research was to detect and determine landslide susceptibility and its affective factors in the Balikhly catchment located at Ardabil Province. In this regard, raster layers of independent variables and dependent variable (landslide inventory) were prepared based on landslide information method (LIM) relying on topography and geology maps, digital elevation models (DEM), and satellite imagery. The independent variables included elevation, slope, aspect, lithology, annual rainfall, ruggedness, general curvature, topographic wetness index, vegetation index, distance from fault, distance from river and distance from road. The results of overlaying of the independent variables with the dependent variable in geographic information system (GIS) showed that the circumstances for landslide occurrence were more prevalent at altitudes of  2400 to 2800 meters, slope over 40 degrees, north aspect, concave surface, rugged surface, loose sediments (marl, shale and conglomerate), rainfall of 500 to 550 mm, moderate vegetation index (0.35-05), distance less than 500 meters to faults, distance less than 200 meters to rivers, distance of 600 to 1000 meters to roads. Of the independent variables, 3 variables including the slope, ruggedness and distance to fault were recognized as the most important factors influencing the landslide occurrence. Furthermore, the zoning map of the landslide susceptibility showed that 56% of the catchment area is situated in areas of high and very high susceptibility classes, indicating the considerable potential of the region in terms of mass movement risk. In contrast, 23% of the catchment area had low risk potential. It was suggested that it was inhibited of encroachment, irregular livestock and construction of the road in rangelands regarding the incidence of landslides in rangelands.

Geomorphology is one of the tools to identify active faults and tectonic of active areas. Due to the presence of geomorphological deformations related to tectonics, the east of Iran is one of the active tectonic areas. Long strike-slip faults as well as the Sistan suture fault in this area is one of its most important features. These strike-slip faults are all dextral. The Nahbandan fault system is the longest fault system in the east of Iran. This system is composed of two eastern and western faults, and the eastern fault is longer. These faults and surrounding faults have created various landforms in the eastern part of Iran. From these various landforms, we can mention the displacement of young streams, folds, formations and the creation of pull-apart areas. In this research, in addition to displaying the landforms and fault displacements, the earth's formation has also been investigated following the cumulative and long-term movement and displacement of the faults. In this review, MrSID and SRTM satellite images have been used. In this study, MrSID and SRTM satellite images have been used. By using these images, the maximum and minimum elevation measured perpendicular to the faults were estimated as 200 meters and 1300 meters, respectively. The maximum horizontal displacement of the streams and formation measured along the faults were estimated to be 7782 meters and 13740 meters, respectively. The faults had outcrops in some places; some of these faults with visible outcrops were documented and investigated.

The SWAT model is a soil and water assessment tool recommended to improve watershed management. The cycle used in the SWAT model is quite similar to the hydrological cycle in nature. This tool supports effective watershed management and informed decision-making for better development. In the present study, the analysis aims to evaluate the efficiency of the semi-distributed-physical SWAT model in simulating daily and monthly runoff, optimizing the parameters affecting rainfall-runoff, and analyzing the hydrological uncertainty of the Kasilian watershed. In this research, SWAT-CUP software and SUFI-2 and PARASOL methods were used to simulate and analyze the uncertainty and calibration of the model. In the runoff calibration and validation stage, coefficients of R2, bR2, and NS between the observed and simulated data were used for validation. In general, the accuracy of the simulation in the monthly period is higher than that of the daily period. Also, in the daily period during calibration and validation, the accuracy of PARASOL is higher than SUFI2; however, in the monthly period, the accuracy of SUFI2 is higher in calibration and validation. In general, however, more repetitions are needed to get more accurate results. Overall, according to the results of model evaluation during the calibration and validation periods with statistical indicators R2, bR2, MSE, RMSE, and efficiency coefficient ENS, the model was proved to be successful in simulation. That is, it would simulate the hydrological processes of the basin with relatively good accuracy appeared. Finally, this model can be used to further analyze the basin and related sub-basins and study the various components of the hydrological cycle.

Rodents are the largest order of mammals with a large population on the Earth, causing many economic and health losses. There are rodents as a reservoir of Zoonosis. Among these diseases, we can mention leishmaniasis. The aim of this study was to model the suitability of Libyan Jird habitats as a mixture of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Iran. For this purpose, 17 general habitat variables out of two topographic variables, seven climatic variables, and eight land use/land cover variables were used as habitat variables to accompany MaxEnt modeling. For this purpose, habitat variables (topography, climate variable, and land use/land cover variable) were entered into MaxEnt modeling as habitat variables. Based on the results of MaxEnt software modeling, the Libyan Jird habitats with an area of 432094 square kilometers, equivalent to 29% of Iran, were allocated as their suitable habitats. Also, two variables of distance from rural areas and slope had the greatest impact on the modeling process. The habitat suitability maps of the disease reservoir species showed that the highest habitat suitability were found in Hormozgan, Khuzestan, Bushehr and Khorasan Razavi provinces in this study. Considering the possible psychological and economic effects on leishmaniasis and the lack of effective vaccines and the presence of rodents in the disease cycle, it is necessary to identify the reservoirs and suitable habitat reservoirs of this disease in order to come up with good management measures.

The Covid-19 epidemic has been one of the main dangers of recent decades which has provided serious economic and social challenges for societies. Therefore, analyzing the impact of this epidemic on increasing economic and social inequalities became the goal of the present study. This research is done using descriptive-analytical method based on documentary studies and field survey. A review of previous research identified 24 economic and social variables in urban communities affected by the Covid-19 epidemic. Then, these variables were studied in two neighborhoods with a different economic and social structure in Shiraz. To collect the data, 100 questionnaires (more than 4 times of variables) were distributed in each neighborhood. Then, the data obtained from the questionnaires were entered in SPSS software and then were evaluated using an exploratory factor analysis model. Findings show that the negative effects of the Covid-19 epidemic on urban communities are manifested in 5 factors, namely "household economic strength", "government support", "physical and mental health", "household expenses" and "social interactions". In addition, based on the comparison between the affluent and poor neighborhoods in Shiraz, it was found that poor communities were more affected by the negative consequences of this epidemic than affluent communities. The peak of these inequalities is reflected in the variables of "provision of e-learning equipment", "food consumption", "supply of basic goods", "insecurity and crime", "clothing consumption" and "employment and business". Finally, priority factors were identified for policy application using the linear multivariate regression analysis model.

This study aims to evaluate the effects of the implementation of the resettlement approach on the resilience of local residents. This research is an applied study in terms of its objectives and a survey study regarding the data collection technique. The statistical population includes the heads of rural households in the studied villages. Overall, there were 1610 households in the new city of Feraghi and also 730 households in three villages displaced in 2016. Given the formation of Feraghi City by the accumulation of 11 adjoining displaced villages in the form of separate neighborhoods, five neighborhoods of Pashayi, Qapan-e Sofla, Khujehlar, Aq Toqeh, and Chatal from the new city of Feraghi (accumulation pattern) and Qulaq Kasan Village (limited displacement pattern) were selected for sampling. The number of required questionnaires (sample size) was determined using the Cochran formula according to which 360 households were selected at a 95% confidence interval and 0.05 error rate. The instruments were distributed among the households in a random-systematic way. In addition, the Spanish version of the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale was applied in order to assess the resilience of the respondents. According to the results, lack of individual resilience was observed in the studied population in both patterns, especifically in terms of three subscales of individual competency, trust in individual instincts, and positive acceptance of change and safe relationships. The t-test results related to independent samples were indicative of a significant difference between the two accumulated and limited displacement patterns in the psychological dimension. However, no significant difference was observed in the resilience of subjects in the two mentioned patterns regarding the economic, social, and environmental dimensions. Moreover, Pearson’s correlation coefficient showed no significant relationship between individual resilience and spatial resilience in both patterns.

One of the main goals of planning and constructing satellite towns around metropolitan areas is to attract population overflow, which can reduce the heavy burden of environmental threats in metropolitan areas to some extent. On the other hand, not paying attention to locating the urban services and planning without environmental considerations in these new cities will impose calamities on the region. In fact, these disasters are sometimes so great that they cannot be comparable to the positive consequences of constructing such settlements and will cause predetermined goals fade away. Due to the importance of this issue, the purpose of this study was to locate the municipal landfill in Pardis New City. This city is one of the satellite towns on the outskirts of Tehran and is located 18 km east of Tehran, on both sides of the Tehran-Mazandaran road. The research methods in this study include using multi-criteria decision making method and applying the capabilities of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP). The intended criteria in this study are distance from deep-water wells, land slope, distance from Pardis New City, distance from surface water, distance from population centers, distance from gardens, distance from agricultural lands and distance from roads access. In this study, after determining the coefficient of importance of the criteria, the analyses were performed according to Boolean and fuzzy logics in Arcgis10.5 software environment, and the optimal lands for municipal waste disposal were identified in the southeast of Pardis New City. The results of this study showed that the fewest fields created in terms of the number of parts and their area were in Boolean method, while most of them were in the fuzzy method. This is due to the fact that the selection of criteria is absolute and definite in Boolean method, whereas various results can be modified to give more acceptable answers in the fuzzy method.

Flooding is one of the most important risks facing residential areas. Poldokhtar is one of the areas that has been flooded in recent years. The hydrogeomorphological position of this city has caused this city to be a high-risk flood zone, and this issue will be addressed in this paper. In this research, unlike many studies, in addition to identifying the areas prone to floods, the trend of development of residential areas to flood areas is identified. The results of identifying the areas prone to floods indicate that a large part of the urban area and the suburbs of Poldokhtar, including its western areas due to proximity to the river, low altitude and slope, has a high flood potential. The results of the evaluation of the development trend of residential areas towards flooded areas have shown that the use of residential areas in 1990 was 1.5 square kilometers, but it increased during the years under study (i.e. 2000, 2010, 2020) to 2.6, 3.7 and 5.4 square kilometers, respectively. An important issue regarding the increase in land use is related to its development trend towards flood-prone areas. That is, in 1990, 1.3% of residential areas (equivalent to 86.7%) in Poldokhtar City were located in the region with high flood potential, and this amount increased to 2.2, 2.9 and 4.1 square kilometers during 2000, 2010 and 2020, respectively. Due to the above-mentioned cases, no attention has been paid to floods in the region in terms of the physical development of Poldokhtar City, and this issue has caused a large part of residential areas to move to flood-prone areas in recent years.

Environmental issues are one of the most important concerns and preoccupations of human beings in the third millennium. It is very important to increase the desire of people at different social levels with the principles of environmental protection and to create voluntary motivations for environmental protection. Women have a significant contribution in environmental protection and natural resource management. The purpose of this study is to investigate the factors affecting the increase in rural women's desire for environmental protection. This research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-survey in terms of data collection. The statistical population of this research includes the women living in Hasanabad Village in Khorramabad County (N = 180). Based on Karjesi and Morgan Table, the sample size was estimated to be 118 people, which was increased to 123 people in order to increase the accuracy of the sample size. The random sampling method was also simple. The data collection tool was a researcher-made questionnaire; the form and content validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by the faculty members of the agricultural extension and education department of the Khuzestan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources. In addition, Cronbach's alpha coefficient was used to check and confirm reliability. The results of the analysis of the structural equation model showed that the variables of environmental responsibility, environmental awareness and reward are the variables which would affect women's desire positively and directly, and these variables would finally predict 80% of the changes in the variable of rural women's desire to protect the environment.

Flood is one of the destructive natural phenomena that has greatly affected human activities and human settlements. The current research was carried out with the aim of identifying settlements susceptible to accidental floods in the dry catchment area of ​​Tahlab in Sistan and Baluchistan Province. The research method is descriptive-analytical and practical in terms of purpose. Twelve indicators of the capacity to measure the risk of settlements are: road, settlement, soil, slope, height, precipitation, vegetation, geology, land use, main waterway, secondary waterway and drainage density of the collective basin. were brought. In the following, they were modified using the opinion of experts and were analyzed in 3 stages. In the first step, the importance of the data was evaluated using the ANP method in the Super Decision v2 software environment from 1 to 9. In the second step, in the Arc GIS 10.7 environment and based on the level of importance, each layer was classified into 4 high-risk, low-risk, medium-risk and no-risk classes. In the third step, using the weighted overlay tool, the flood risk zoning map of the Tahlab catchment area was prepared. The results showed that among the above 12 layers, the main waterway, slope, land use and precipitation would play the most important role in determining the flood risk potential of the research area. According to the findings of the research in risky areas, 24 settlements out of a total of 68 settlements are located in the range of high-risk potential to very high flood risk. Thus, It is necessary to use structural methods (water retention time program) and non-structural methods (warning system based on flood prediction models) in order to reduce the risk of flooding in these settlements.

Climate change is increasingly affecting people's livelihoods around the world and is considered as an important challenge at the global level; in fact, it is an important factor in aggravating social inequalities, especially gender inequalities. Women in the world are not only known as a vulnerable group in front of climate changes but also they are considered an effective factor in creating changes in relation to adaptation. Therefore, there is a need for research on the factors influencing the intention and behavior of farmers to adapt to climate change from the perspective of women and men. This study addresss this important issue using the developed model of health beliefs. The statistical population of this research included both male and female farmers. The number of sample members using Karjesi and Morgan Table included 200 male farmers and 150 female farmers. Random stratified cluster multistage sampling was used to select the farmers. The data collection tool was a questionnaire which its face validity was confirmed by the faculty members of the Department of Agricultural Extension and Education. In addition, to determine the degree of reliability, pre-test and Cronbach's alpha coefficient were used. The results of the structural equation model analysis showed that the variables guiding action, self-efficacy, social support, motivation and perceived obstacles were the variables which would affect the male farmers' intention in a positive and direct way and would affect their behavior in a positive and indirect way. Finally, these variables could predict 53 and 37% of the changes in the variables of male farmers' intention and behavior, respectively. Action guiding variables, perceived intensity and self-efficacy were found to be the variables influencing the intention of female farmers in a positive and direct way and their behavior in a positive and indirect way. These variables in total were 63 and 19 respectively to predict the percentage of changes in the variables of intention and behavior of female farmers. The data obtained in this research and the understanding of such gender differences can facilitate the development of gender-sensitive policies and programs  to improve sustainable and inclusive adaptation strategies.

This study aims to identify the types and intensity of weathering and morphogentic zones in the Talar watershed of Mazandaran Province following the local climate. Climate diversity is present from south to north in the Talar watershed due to the unique location of Mazandaran Province which is between the sea and the Alborz Mountain range. On the other hand, no method of studying the weathering of rocks has been used in the Talar watershed; hence, the weathering process and morphogentic regions in this watershed are unknown. To zonate the state of weathering and geomorphogentic regions based on Lewis Peltier models, climatic data including average annual precipitation and temperature of 8 weather stations with appropriate data and length of the statistical period of 1966-2016, were collected from the Meteorological Organization and registered in the Arc GIS database environment. Then, the Talar watershed's temperature and precipitation trends were found for each station. These maps were used to determine the weathering and morphogenetic regimes in the Talar watershed. A weight value was assigned to each station. Then, they were recorded in the database and were used to build the relevant maps in the Arc GIS environment. The results demonstrated that the Talar watershed is morphogenetically situated in semi-arid, savannah, and temperate zones. Most of these regions are associated with the Savan region (50%) and the fewest are linked with the temperate region (15%). Regarding the weathering process, the Talar watershed contains three types: moderate chemical weathering, low mechanical weathering, and extremely low weathering, with moderate chemical weathering covering the most area (56%).

Water stress is an important issue facing the world today. Some see it as affected by climate change and droughts, while others see it as poorly managed inhabitants of the planet. Every year, scientists and experts come together to think of a solution to the problem of water shortage. Iran is also one of the driest regions in the world due to its location in the arid geographical belt and desert belt and is thus no exception to this rule. The purpose of this paper is to analyze meta-analytic studies of water resources management. For this purpose, the collected articles were identified and categorized separately at both national and transnational levels. According to the studies, it was found that most studies at the national and transnational levels have focused on the status of water resources management and few studies have examined the causes and reasons for the challenges in water resources management. Also, studies have shown that adaptation and prevention, removal of economic barriers and the use of technology along with increasing stakeholder cooperation, developing a fully collaborative scenario as an alternative to the water transfer scenario, as well as thoughtful and comprehensive planning along with the awareness of actors and the collective will for good governance are some appropriate solutions to the water crisis and climate change. Despite such solutions, water resources management issues should have been resolved by now, but why is the water issue still a challenge? The research findings show that the solution to this problem is not reached by understanding the reasons, but only the favorable conditions versus the unfavorable conditions have been studied. Thus, this research seeks to find out how water resources management happens in this way.